All 955 IELTS Vocabulary Words
International English Language Testing System vocabulary organized alphabetically. Learn more about IELTS prep
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abilitythe power or capacity to do something; skill or talentSAT · IELTSabolishto formally put an end to something; to eliminate or eradicateSAT · TOEFL · IELTSabstractExisting in thought or as an idea but not having a concrete physical existenceGRE · SAT · TOEFL · IELTSabundantExisting or available in large quantities; plentiful.IELTSacademicRelating to education and scholarship; not of practical relevance.IELTSaccelerateTo begin to move more quickly; to increase the rate of something.SAT · IELTSaccessibleAble to be reached or used; friendly and easy to talk to.SAT · TOEFL · IELTSaccommodateTo provide lodging or space for; to adapt to or make room for.SAT · TOEFL · IELTSaccomplishto complete or achieve something; to fulfill a goalSAT · IELTSaccountabilityThe fact or condition of being responsible to others; answerability.IELTSaccumulateTo gather together or acquire an increasing number or quantity of something.TOEFL · IELTSaccurateFree from error; exact and correctSAT · TOEFL · IELTSachieveTo successfully bring about or reach a desired objective or result.SAT · TOEFL · IELTSachievementA thing done successfully, typically by effort, courage, or skill.SAT · IELTSacknowledgeto admit or recognize something as true; to show appreciationSAT · TOEFL · IELTSactivateTo make something active or operative; to set in motion.SAT · IELTSactuallyAs the truth or facts of a situation; really or in fact.IELTSacutePresent or experienced to a severe or intense degree; requiring immediate attent…SAT · TOEFL · IELTSadaptTo become adjusted to new conditions; to modify for a new purpose.SAT · TOEFL · IELTSadaptationThe process of changing to suit different conditions; an altered form of somethi…TOEFL · IELTSadequateSatisfactory or acceptable in quality or quantity; sufficient.SAT · TOEFL · IELTSadjacentIn geometry, lying next to or sharing a common side, vertex, or boundary without…GRE · SAT · TOEFL · IELTSadministerTo manage and be responsible for the running of a business, organisation, or ins…SAT · TOEFL · IELTSadmireto regard with approval or respect; to wonder atSAT · IELTSadmittedlyUsed to introduce a concession or unwelcome fact.SAT · IELTSadoptionThe action of taking on or beginning to use something new; legally taking a chil…SAT · IELTSadventthe arrival or coming of an important event; beginningSAT · IELTSadversePreventing success or development; harmful; unfavourable.SAT · TOEFL · IELTSadvocateTo publicly recommend or support a particular cause or policy.SAT · TOEFL · IELTSaffectTo have an effect on; to make a difference to.SAT · TOEFL · IELTSaffluenthaving abundant money or possessions; wealthySAT · TOEFL · IELTSaffordTo have enough money, time, or means to do or have something.SAT · IELTSaffordable housingResidential housing that is priced so that people on low or moderate incomes can…IELTSageingThe process of growing older; the characteristic changes that come with age.IELTSaggravateTo make a problem, injury, or offense worse or more serious.SAT · TOEFL · IELTSaggregateA whole formed by combining several separate elements.SAT · TOEFL · IELTSagribusinessAgriculture conducted on commercial principles, especially using advanced techno…IELTSagricultureThe science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil and raisin…IELTSalarmingCausing concern or anxiety; worrying.IELTSalbeitAlthough; even though.IELTSalgorithmA step-by-step procedure or set of rules for solving a mathematical problem or p…GRE · SAT · IELTSallocateTo distribute resources or duties for a particular purpose.TOEFL · IELTSalternativeAvailable as another possibility or choice; one of two or more available possibi…TOEFL · IELTSaltitudeThe height of an object or point in relation to sea level or ground level.SAT · IELTSambiguousOpen to more than one interpretation; having a double meaning.GRE · SAT · TOEFL · IELTSambitionA strong desire to do or achieve something, typically requiring determination an…IELTSambitiousHaving a strong desire and determination to succeed; requiring exceptional effor…TOEFL · IELTSambivalentHaving mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about something or someone.GRE · TOEFL · IELTSanalogyA comparison between two things for the purpose of explanation or clarification.GRE · SAT · TOEFL · IELTSanalyseTo examine methodically by separating into parts and studying their interrelatio…IELTSanatomyThe branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of organisms.SAT · TOEFL · IELTSancientBelonging to the very distant past; very old.IELTSannoyingCausing irritation or slight anger.IELTSannuallyEvery year; once a year.IELTSanthropologyThe study of human societies, cultures, and their development.IELTSanticipateTo regard as probable and make preparations for; to expect.TOEFL · IELTSanxiousExperiencing worry, unease, or nervousness about an uncertain matter.IELTSapparentclearly visible or understood; seeming or appearing to be trueSAT · TOEFL · IELTSappreciateTo recognise the value or significance of something; to be grateful for somethin…IELTSapprenticeshipA period of time when someone learns a trade or craft from an experienced person…IELTSapproachto come near or closer to something; a method or way of dealingSAT · IELTSappropriatesuitable or proper for a particular situation; to take or adoptGRE · SAT · TOEFL · IELTSaquaticRelating to or living in water.IELTSarchaeologicalRelating to the study of human history through excavation of sites and analysis …IELTSargueTo give reasons or evidence in support of an idea or opinion.TOEFL · IELTSaridHaving little or no rain; dry; lacking in interest.IELTSarticulateTo express ideas clearly and effectively in speech or writingTOEFL · IELTSartificialMade or produced by human beings rather than occurring naturally; insincere.IELTSartificial intelligenceThe simulation of human intelligence processes by computer systems.IELTSaspectA particular part or feature of something.TOEFL · IELTSaspireTo direct one's hopes toward achieving something.IELTSassertTo state a fact or belief confidently and forcefully.TOEFL · IELTSassessTo evaluate or estimate the nature, ability, or quality of something.TOEFL · IELTSassimilateTo absorb and integrate people, ideas, or information into a wider society or st…GRE · TOEFL · IELTSassistanceThe action of helping someone with a task or difficulty; help.IELTSassumeTo suppose something to be the case without proof.TOEFL · IELTSassumptionA thing that is accepted as true or certain to happen without proof.TOEFL · IELTSastronomerA scientist who studies celestial objects, space, and the physical universe as a…IELTSastronomyThe branch of science dealing with celestial objects, space, and the physical un…IELTSatmosphereThe pervading tone or mood of a place or situation.TOEFL · IELTSatmosphericRelating to the atmosphere of the earth or another planet.IELTSattemptTo make an effort to do or achieve something; an act of trying to do something.IELTSattitudeA settled way of thinking or feeling about something.TOEFL · IELTSattributeA quality or characteristic belonging to something; to regard as caused byTOEFL · IELTSausterityReduced availability of money and difficult economic conditions.IELTSauthenticOf undisputed origin; genuine; true to one's own values.IELTSautomationThe use of largely automatic equipment to replace human labour in manufacturing …IELTSautonomousHaving the freedom to govern itself or control its own affairs; independent.GRE · TOEFL · IELTS C
candidTruthful and straightforward; not hiding what you think.SAT · IELTScanyonA deep gorge, typically one with a river flowing through it.IELTScapabilityThe power or ability to do something; a feature or faculty allowing performance.IELTScapacityThe maximum amount that something can contain; the ability to do something.TOEFL · IELTScapitalismAn economic and political system in which trade and industry are controlled by p…IELTScarbonA chemical element; a key component of greenhouse gases causing climate change.IELTScarbon footprintThe amount of carbon dioxide and other carbon compounds emitted by someone's act…IELTScarbon neutralMaking no net release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.IELTScasualRelaxed and unconcerned; not regular or permanent.IELTScatastrophicInvolving or causing sudden great damage or suffering.IELTScategoryA class or division of people or things regarded as having particular shared cha…TOEFL · IELTScensorshipThe suppression or prohibition of speech, public communication, or information.IELTScentralOf the greatest importance; principal; fundamental.IELTSchallengeTo question or dispute the truth or validity of something; a difficult task.TOEFL · IELTScharacteristicA feature or quality belonging typically to a person, place, or thing.TOEFL · IELTSchronicPersisting for a long time or constantly recurring; of a problem, long-standing.IELTSchronic diseaseA condition that persists over a long period of time.IELTScirculateTo move continuously through a system; to pass from place to place.IELTScircumstanceA fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action.TOEFL · IELTSciteTo quote or refer to as evidence or justification.TOEFL · IELTScitizenshipThe position or status of being a citizen of a particular country; civic engagem…IELTScivicOf or relating to a city or town, especially its administration; relating to cit…IELTScivil rightsThe rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality.IELTScivilisationThe stage of human social and cultural development and organisation.IELTSclaimTo state or assert something as fact, especially without proof.TOEFL · IELTSclarificationThe action of making a statement or situation less confused and more comprehensi…IELTSclarifyTo make a statement or situation less confused and more comprehensible.TOEFL · IELTSclassifyTo arrange a group of people or things in classes or categories according to sha…TOEFL · IELTSclean technologyTechnology that reduces negative environmental impacts through energy efficiency…IELTSclimate changeA long-term shift in global or regional climate patterns, largely driven by huma…IELTScoastal erosionThe loss of land due to the action of waves, tides, and other coastal processes.IELTScoefficientA numerical or constant factor placed before a variable in an algebraic expressi…GRE · SAT · IELTScoexistTo exist at the same time or in the same place.IELTScognitiveRelating to cognition or the mental processes of thinking, knowing, and perceivi…TOEFL · IELTScoherentLogical, consistent, and forming a unified wholeTOEFL · IELTScohesionThe action or fact of forming a united whole; logical connection between parts o…TOEFL · IELTScohesiveForming a united whole; characterised by social solidarity and common purpose.IELTScoincideTo occur at the same time or occupy the same space; to correspond in nature.IELTScollaborativeInvolving two or more parties working together.IELTScollapseA sudden fall or failure of something; to fall down suddenly.TOEFL · IELTScollectiveDone by or belonging to all the members of a group; joint.TOEFL · IELTScolonialismThe practice of acquiring political control over another country and exploiting …IELTScolonisationThe action of settling among and establishing control over indigenous people of …IELTScoloniseTo establish a colony in a place; to take control of or dominate.IELTScometA celestial object moving around the sun with a tail of gas and dust.IELTScommitmentThe state of being dedicated to a cause, activity, or task.IELTScommodityA raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold.IELTScommunicateTo share or exchange information, news, or ideas.IELTScommunityA group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic…IELTScomparativeRelating to or based on comparison; measured or estimated by comparison.IELTScompareTo examine two or more quantities or expressions to determine their relative siz…GRE · TOEFL · IELTScompellingEvoking interest, attention, or admiration in a powerfully irresistible way.IELTScompeteTo strive to gain or win something by defeating rivals; to take part in a contes…IELTScompetenceThe ability to do something successfully or efficiently.TOEFL · IELTScompetitionThe activity of striving to gain an advantage over rivals.TOEFL · IELTScompetitiveRelating to or characterised by competition; as good as or better than others.IELTScomplementA thing that contributes features which improve or emphasise another's qualities…GRE · SAT · IELTScomplexConsisting of many different and connected parts; not straightforward.TOEFL · IELTScomplexityThe state of having many parts and being difficult to understand or find answers…TOEFL · IELTScompositionThe nature of something's ingredients or constituents; the way it is made up.TOEFL · IELTScompoundA thing that is composed of two or more separate elements; to make worse.TOEFL · IELTScomprehensiveIncluding or dealing with all or nearly all elements or aspects of something.TOEFL · IELTScompulsoryRequired by law or a rule; obligatory.IELTSconcedeTo admit that something is true or valid after initially denying or resisting it…TOEFL · IELTSconcentrateTo direct one's attention or effort; to increase the strength or density of some…TOEFL · IELTSconceptAn abstract idea or general notion representing something.TOEFL · IELTSconcernA matter of interest or importance; to make someone anxious or worried.TOEFL · IELTSconciseGiving a lot of information clearly and in few words; brief but comprehensive.TOEFL · IELTSconcludeTo arrive at a judgement or opinion by reasoning.TOEFL · IELTSconcreteExisting in a material or physical form; specific and definite.IELTSconferTo grant a title or benefit on someone; to have a discussion.IELTSconfidentFeeling or showing certainty about something; self-assured.IELTSconfirmTo establish the truth or correctness of something previously believed or suspec…TOEFL · IELTSconflictA serious disagreement or argument; a prolonged armed struggle.TOEFL · IELTScongestionThe condition of a road or area being overcrowded with traffic.IELTScongratulateTo express pleasure to someone over their success or good fortune.IELTSconnectionA relationship in which a person or thing is linked or associated with something…TOEFL · IELTSconsciousAware of and responding to one's surroundings; aware of something.IELTSconsequencea result or effect following from an action or conditionSAT · TOEFL · IELTSconsequentthe result in a conditional statement; the 'then' partSAT · IELTSconservationThe protection of the natural environment, animals, or cultural heritage.TOEFL · IELTSconservation areaAn area designated for the protection of the natural or built environment.IELTSconservativeReluctant to accept change; holding traditional values.IELTSconsiderateCareful not to cause inconvenience or hurt to others.IELTSconsistentActing or done in the same way over time; compatible or in agreement with.TOEFL · IELTSconstantlyContinuously over a period of time; persistently.IELTSconstituteTo be a part of a whole; to formally establishTOEFL · IELTSconstructiveServing a useful purpose; tending to build up rather than destroy.IELTSconsumeTo eat, drink, or use up a resource; to buy or use goods and services.IELTSconsumerismThe preoccupation of society with the acquisition of consumer goods.IELTSconsumeristRelating to the preoccupation with and inclination toward the buying of consumer…IELTScontaminateTo make impure by exposure to or addition of a poisonous or polluting substance.IELTScontemporaryLiving or occurring at the same time; relating to the present.TOEFL · IELTScontendTo assert something as a position in an argument; also, to struggle or compete.GRE · IELTScontextThe circumstances that form the setting for an event or statement.TOEFL · IELTScontextualiseTo place or study in a particular context; to make clear the circumstances surro…IELTScontinentalRelating to a continent; of the mainland of Europe or a mainland region.IELTScontrastThe state of being strikingly different from something else in comparison.TOEFL · IELTScontributeTo give something in order to help achieve a resultTOEFL · IELTScontroversyProlonged public disagreement or heated discussion.TOEFL · IELTSconvenienceThe state of being able to do something with little effort; something that facil…IELTSconvenientFitting in well with a person's needs, activities, and plans; easy and quick to …IELTSconventionA widely accepted practice, standard, or norm within a particular group or field…GRE · TOEFL · IELTSconventionalBased on or in accordance with what is generally done or believed; conforming to…GRE · TOEFL · IELTSconvergenceThe process of converging; the tendency toward meeting at a common point.IELTScooperateTo work jointly towards the same end.TOEFL · IELTScopeTo deal effectively with something difficult.TOEFL · IELTScopyrightThe exclusive legal right of creators to reproduce, publish, or distribute their…IELTScoral reefA ridge of rock in the sea formed by the growth and compaction of coral.IELTScorrelationA mutual relationship or connection between two or more things.SAT · IELTScorruptionDishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power; bribery.IELTScounterargumentAn argument or set of reasons put forward to oppose an idea or theory.TOEFL · IELTScounterbalanceA weight or force that balances another; to have an equal and opposing effect.IELTScounterpartA person or thing that fulfils the same function in a different context.TOEFL · IELTScreativityThe use of imagination or original ideas to produce something; inventiveness.IELTScrime rateThe amount of crime occurring in a given area per unit of population.IELTScriteriaPrinciples or standards by which something may be judged or decided.TOEFL · IELTScriticalHaving decisive or crucial importance in the success or failure of something; ex…TOEFL · IELTScritiqueA detailed analysis and assessment of something.TOEFL · IELTScropA cultivated plant or the yield from it; to cut something short.IELTScrucialDecisive or critical, especially in the success or failure of something.TOEFL · IELTScultivateTo prepare and use land for crops; to develop a skill or quality.IELTScultivationThe preparation and use of land for crops; the process of nurturing growth.IELTSculturalRelating to the ideas, customs, and social behaviour of a society.IELTScultural diversityThe quality of diverse or varied cultural or ethnic groups within a society.IELTSculture shockThe feeling of disorientation experienced when encountering an unfamiliar cultur…IELTScumulativeIncreasing or increased in quantity, degree, or force by successive additions.SAT · IELTScuriousEager to know or learn something; strange or unusual.IELTScurrencyA system of money in general use in a country; the quality of being current.TOEFL · IELTScurrentBelonging to the present time; a body of water or air moving in a definite direc…TOEFL · IELTScurrentlyAt the present time; now.IELTScurriculumThe subjects comprising a course of study in a school or college.TOEFL · IELTScybersecurityThe practice of protecting systems, networks, and programs from digital attacks.IELTScycleA series of events that are regularly repeated in the same order.TOEFL · IELTS D
dataFacts and statistics collected together for analysis; information used to make d…TOEFL · IELTSdeal withTo take action in order to solve a problem or handle a difficult situation.IELTSdebateA formal discussion on a topic; an argument about a contested subject.TOEFL · IELTSdecadeA period of ten years.IELTSdecayThe state or process of rotting or decomposition; gradual deterioration.IELTSdecentralisationThe transfer of control from central to regional or local authority.IELTSdecisiveSettling an issue; able to make decisions quickly and firmly.IELTSdeclineA gradual and continuous decrease in strength, numbers, or quality.TOEFL · IELTSdedicateTo devote time, effort, or oneself to a particular task or purpose.IELTSdedicatedDevoted to a task or purpose; hardworking and committed.IELTSdedicationThe quality of being committed to a task or purpose.IELTSdeduceTo arrive at a conclusion by reasoning from evidenceTOEFL · IELTSdeficitThe amount by which something falls short; a lack or shortage.IELTSdefineTo state or describe exactly the nature, scope, or meaning of something.TOEFL · IELTSdefinitelyWithout doubt; clearly.IELTSdeforestationThe clearing or thinning of forests by humans.TOEFL · IELTSdeforestation rateThe speed at which forest land is being cleared.IELTSdegradeTo treat or regard someone with contempt or disrespect; to break down.IELTSdeltaA triangular or fan-shaped area of sediment deposited at the mouth of a river.IELTSdemandAn insistent and peremptory request; the desire for something.IELTSdemandingRequiring much skill or effort; making strong demands.IELTSdemocracyA system of government in which power is vested in the people through elected re…IELTSdemographicRelating to the structure of populations; statistical data relating to human pop…IELTSdemonstrateTo clearly show the existence or truth of something by evidence or argument.TOEFL · IELTSdenseClosely compacted in substance; containing a great deal of material.TOEFL · IELTSdependableTrustworthy and reliable.IELTSdependency ratioThe proportion of a population that is dependent on the working population for s…IELTSdependentRelying on someone or something for support; conditional on something else.IELTSdepletionThe reduction of something to a very small amount; using up of a resource.IELTSdepositA layer of accumulated material; to place something somewhere for safekeeping.IELTSdeprivationThe lack of material benefits considered to be basic necessities.IELTSderiveTo obtain something from a source; to trace back to an originTOEFL · IELTSdescriptionA spoken or written account of a person, object, or event.TOEFL · IELTSdesertificationThe process by which fertile land becomes desert through drought, deforestation,…IELTSdesireA strong feeling of wanting to have or achieve something.IELTSdetectTo discover or identify the presence or existence of something.TOEFL · IELTSdeteriorateto become progressively worse; to decline in qualitySAT · IELTSdeterminedHaving made a firm decision and being resolved not to change it.IELTSdevelopmentThe process of growing or being developed; a new product or event.IELTSdevoteTo give time, effort, or oneself to a particular task or purpose.IELTSdiagnoseTo identify the nature or cause of a problem or illness.IELTSdietThe kinds of food that a person habitually eats; a special course of food for he…IELTSdifferentiateTo recognise or ascertain what makes someone or something different; to make dis…TOEFL · IELTSdigital divideThe gap between those who have access to digital technologies and those who do n…IELTSdigital economyAn economy that is based on digital computing technologies.IELTSdilemmaA situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between two courses of ac…SAT · TOEFL · IELTSdimensionAn aspect or feature of a situation; a measurable extent of some kind.TOEFL · IELTSdiplomacyThe profession or skill of managing international relations; tact and skill in m…IELTSdisabilityA physical or mental condition that limits a person's movements, senses, or acti…IELTSdisagreeTo have or express a different opinion; to fail to agree.IELTSdisciplineThe practice of training people to obey rules and follow a code of behaviour; a …TOEFL · IELTSdiscomfortSlight pain or physical inconvenience; mild unease or embarrassment.IELTSdiscourageTo cause someone to lose confidence or enthusiasm; to make something less likely…IELTSdiscourseWritten or spoken communication or debate; a formal discussion of a topic.TOEFL · IELTSdiscrepancyA lack of compatibility or similarity between two or more facts or claims.GRE · IELTSdiscriminationThe unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people.IELTSdiscussTo talk or write about a topic in detail, taking into account different ideas an…TOEFL · IELTSdisparityA great difference between things; a lack of equality.TOEFL · IELTSdisplaceTo take the place of something; to force someone to leave their home.TOEFL · IELTSdisplacementThe forced movement of people from their homes or usual surroundings.TOEFL · IELTSdisproportionateToo large or too small in comparison with something else.IELTSdisputeA disagreement or argument; to question the truth or validity of something.IELTSdisruptTo interrupt the normal course of; to radically change the way something works.TOEFL · IELTSdistance learningA method of studying in which students work at home and communicate with teacher…IELTSdistinctionA difference or contrast between similar things; recognition of excellence.TOEFL · IELTSdistinguishTo recognize or point out a difference; to make different.TOEFL · IELTSdistractionA thing that prevents someone from giving full attention to something else.IELTSdiverseShowing a great deal of variety; very different.TOEFL · IELTSdiversityThe state of being diverse; a range of different things or people.IELTSdomesticateTo tame an animal or cultivate a plant for human use.IELTSdomesticationThe action of taming an animal and keeping it as a pet or on a farm; adapting to…IELTSdominantHaving power and influence over others; most important or influential.TOEFL · IELTSdownsideThe negative aspect of something otherwise considered good or desirable.IELTSdramaticSudden and striking; relating to drama or the theatre.IELTSdrawbackA feature that renders something less acceptable; a disadvantage or problem.IELTSdroneA remotely piloted aircraft; an unmanned aerial vehicle.IELTSdropoutA person who leaves school, college, or a training programme before completion.IELTSdroughtA prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall, leading to a shortage of water.TOEFL · IELTSdrought-resistantAble to survive and grow with very little water.IELTSdurableAble to withstand wear, pressure, or damage; long-lasting.TOEFL · IELTSdynamicCharacterised by constant change, activity, or progress.IELTS E
eco-tourismTourism directed toward natural environments to conserve the environment and sup…IELTSecologyThe branch of biology dealing with the relations of organisms to one another and…IELTSeconomicRelating to economics or the economy; justified in terms of profitability.TOEFL · IELTSeconomic growthAn increase in the amount of goods and services produced per head of the populat…IELTSeconomyThe state of a country or region in terms of the production and consumption of g…IELTSecosystemA biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.TOEFL · IELTSeffectA change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause.IELTSeffectiveSuccessful in producing a desired or intended result.TOEFL · IELTSeffectivelyIn a way that produces a desired result; successfully.TOEFL · IELTSefficientAchieving maximum productivity with minimum wasted effort or expense.TOEFL · IELTSelaborateInvolving many carefully arranged parts; to explain in more detailTOEFL · IELTSelderlyOld; in later life; relating to people who are old.IELTSelementA component or constituent of a whole; a basic matter of a subject.TOEFL · IELTSelevationThe action of raising something or being raised; height above sea level.IELTSeliminateTo completely remove or get rid of somethingTOEFL · IELTSemergeTo come out from a concealed or difficult position; to become apparent.TOEFL · IELTSemissionThe production and discharge of something, especially gas or radiation.TOEFL · IELTSemission tradingA market-based approach to controlling pollution by providing economic incentive…IELTSemphasisSpecial importance, value, or prominence given to something.TOEFL · IELTSemphasiseTo give special importance or prominence to something in speaking or writing.IELTSempiricalBased on observation or experience rather than theory or pure logic.GRE · TOEFL · IELTSempowermentThe process of becoming stronger and more confident, especially in controlling o…IELTSenableTo give someone the authority or means to do something; to make possible.TOEFL · IELTSencounterTo unexpectedly experience or be faced with something; a meeting with someone.TOEFL · IELTSencourageTo give support, confidence, or hope to someone.IELTSencryptionThe process of converting information into a code to prevent unauthorised access…IELTSendangerTo put at risk or in danger.IELTSendangeredSeriously at risk of extinction.IELTSendureTo remain in existence; to suffer patiently.TOEFL · IELTSenergyThe strength and vitality required for sustained physical or mental activity.IELTSenergy efficiencyThe goal of reducing the amount of energy required to provide products and servi…IELTSenergy povertyThe lack of access to modern energy services for a significant proportion of a p…IELTSenforceTo compel observance of or compliance with a law, rule, or obligation.TOEFL · IELTSengageTo occupy, attract, or involve someone's interest or attention.TOEFL · IELTSenhanceTo intensify, increase, or further improve the quality, value, or extent of some…GRE · SAT · TOEFL · IELTSenormousVery large in size, quantity, or extent.TOEFL · IELTSenrichTo improve or enhance the quality or value of something.TOEFL · IELTSenrollmentThe action of officially registering as a member of an institution.IELTSensureTo make certain that something will occur or be the case.TOEFL · IELTSenthusiasmIntense and eager enjoyment, interest, or approval.IELTSenvironmentThe surroundings in which a person, animal, or plant lives; the natural world.TOEFL · IELTSenvironmentalRelating to the natural world and the impact of human activity on its condition.IELTSenvironmental regulationLaws and rules that govern the management and protection of the natural environm…IELTSepidemicA widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular …IELTSequalHaving the same quantity, value, or measure as another; identical in mathematica…GRE · TOEFL · IELTSequalityThe state of being equal, especially in status, rights, and opportunities.IELTSerosionThe gradual destruction or diminution of something; the wearing away of rock or …TOEFL · IELTSeruptTo break out suddenly and dramatically; to become suddenly active.IELTSessentialAbsolutely necessary; extremely important.IELTSestablishTo set up or lay the groundwork for; to show something to be true.TOEFL · IELTSestimateTo roughly calculate or judge the value, number, or extent of something.TOEFL · IELTSethical consumptionPurchasing products and services that are produced in ways that are ethical.IELTSevaluateTo form an idea of the amount, number, or value of; to assess.TOEFL · IELTSevidenceThe available facts or information indicating whether a belief is true or valid.TOEFL · IELTSevolutionThe gradual development of something into a more complex or better form.TOEFL · IELTSevolutionaryRelating to the gradual development of something; relating to Darwin's theory.IELTSevolveTo develop gradually; to change over time.TOEFL · IELTSexactlyWithout discrepancy; used for emphasis.IELTSexaminationA formal test of a person's knowledge or skills.IELTSexcavationThe action of excavating something; a site that is being or has been excavated.IELTSexceedTo be greater than or surpass something.TOEFL · IELTSexcerptA short extract from a film, broadcast, or piece of music or writing.IELTSexchangeAn act of giving one thing and receiving another in return; a brief conversation…IELTSexerciseActivity requiring physical effort for the purpose of health and fitness.IELTSexhaustingMaking one very tired; draining one's physical or mental resources.IELTSexpectationA belief that something will happen; a standard of behaviour considered appropri…IELTSexpeditionA journey undertaken by a group of people with a particular purpose.IELTSexperiencePractical contact with and observation of facts or events; an event or occurrenc…IELTSexplicitStated clearly and in detail, leaving no room for confusion or doubt.TOEFL · IELTSexploitTo make full use of a resource; to take advantage of someone unfairly.IELTSexploitationThe action or fact of treating someone or something unfairly for one's own benef…IELTSexportTo send goods or services to another country for sale.IELTSexposeTo make visible; to subject someone to a risk or unpleasant experience.IELTSexposureThe state of being subjected to something; contact with and experience of someth…TOEFL · IELTSexpressTo convey a thought or feeling in words or by gestures and conduct.IELTSextentThe area covered by something; the degree to which something is the case.IELTSextinctionThe state or process of being eliminated; a species ceasing to exist.TOEFL · IELTSextracurricularOutside the regular academic curriculum; additional activities.IELTSextraordinaryVery unusual or remarkable; exceptional.IELTS F
faceTo confront and deal with something; to have a particular thing as a challenge.IELTSfacilitateTo make an action or process easier; to enable.GRE · TOEFL · IELTSfactorA number or algebraic expression that divides another number or expression evenl…GRE · TOEFL · IELTSfairTreating people equally without favouritism; just and appropriate.IELTSfair tradeTrade between companies in developed countries and producers in developing count…IELTSfamiliarWell known from long or close association; frequently encountered.IELTSfamineExtreme scarcity of food, especially a prolonged episode of starvation.IELTSfascinatingExtremely interesting or charming.IELTSfaunaThe animals of a particular region, habitat, or geological period.GRE · IELTSfeasiblePossible and practical to do easily or conveniently.SAT · TOEFL · IELTSfertileCapable of producing abundant vegetation or crops; intellectually productive.IELTSflexibleReady and able to change so as to adapt to different circumstances.TOEFL · IELTSfloraThe plants of a particular region, habitat, or geological period.GRE · IELTSfluctuateTo rise and fall irregularly in number or amount.TOEFL · IELTSfluctuationAn irregular rising and falling in number or amount; a variation.IELTSfocusThe centre of interest or activity; to pay particular attention to something.TOEFL · IELTSfood securityThe state of having reliable access to sufficient quantities of affordable, nutr…IELTSforagingSearching widely for food or provisions.IELTSforeign aidEconomic, military, or other assistance given by one country to another.IELTSforensicRelating to the use of scientific methods and techniques in the investigation of…IELTSformatThe way in which something is arranged or presented.TOEFL · IELTSformationThe action of forming something; a structure or arrangement of something.TOEFL · IELTSformulateTo create or prepare something carefully, expressing it in precise terms.TOEFL · IELTSfortunatelyBy good luck; it is fortunate that.IELTSfossilThe remains of a prehistoric organism preserved in rock; outdated.TOEFL · IELTSfossil fuelA natural fuel such as coal, oil, or natural gas, formed over millions of years.TOEFL · IELTSfossil recordThe preserved remains of organisms from previous geological periods.IELTSfoundationAn underlying basis or principle; an institution established by endowment.TOEFL · IELTSfragmentA small part broken or separated off from something; to break into pieces.IELTSframeworkA basic structure underlying a system, concept, or text.TOEFL · IELTSfreedomThe power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants; the state of being free…IELTSfreedom of speechThe right to express any opinion in public without censorship or restraint by go…IELTSfrequencyThe rate at which a vibration occurs; number of cycles per secondTOEFL · IELTSfrequentlyRegularly or habitually; at short intervals.TOEFL · IELTSfrugalSparing or economical with money or food; simple and plain.GRE · IELTSfrustratedFeeling or expressing distress and annoyance resulting from an inability to chan…IELTSfulfillingProviding deep satisfaction and a sense of purpose.IELTSfunctionA mathematical relation that assigns exactly one output to each input from a giv…GRE · TOEFL · IELTSfundamentalForming a necessary base or core; of central importance.TOEFL · IELTSfurthermoreIn addition; besides; used to introduce a new point.IELTS H
habitA settled or regular tendency or practice, especially one that is hard to give u…IELTShabitatThe natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism.TOEFL · IELTShandleTo manage a situation or problem; to touch or hold in one's hands.IELTShardshipSevere suffering or privation; difficulty.IELTShealthcareThe organised provision of medical care to individuals or a community.IELTSheatwaveA prolonged period of abnormally hot weather.IELTShemisphereA half of the earth, usually divided into northern and southern or eastern and w…IELTSherbivoreAn animal that feeds on plants.IELTSheritageProperty inherited from ancestors; the values and traditions passed down through…IELTSheritage siteA location of special cultural, historical, or environmental significance.IELTShesitateTo pause before acting or speaking, especially due to uncertainty.IELTShierarchyA system in which members of an organisation or society are ranked according to …TOEFL · IELTShighlightTo draw attention to something as being especially important.TOEFL · IELTShomelessWithout a home; living on the streets.IELTShonestFree of deceit; truthful and sincere.IELTShoweverUsed to introduce a statement that contrasts with or seems to contradict somethi…IELTShuman rightsRights held by every person by virtue of being human, such as the right to life …IELTShuman traffickingThe illegal movement of people, typically for forced labour or commercial sexual…IELTShumanitarianConcerned with or seeking to promote human welfare; relating to relief of suffer…IELTShumbleHaving or showing a modest or low estimate of one's own importance.IELTShumidMarked by a relatively high level of water vapour in the atmosphere.IELTShungerA feeling of discomfort caused by lack of food; a severe shortage of food.IELTShybrid vehicleA vehicle that uses two or more distinct types of power, typically petrol and el…IELTShypothesisA supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence, ser…GRE · TOEFL · IELTShypothesizeTo put forward a hypothesis; to suppose something as a basis for reasoning.IELTS I
idealSatisfying one's conception of what is perfect; most suitable.IELTSidenticalIn mathematics, being exactly equal in value, form, or properties such that one …GRE · IELTSidentityThe fact of being who or what a person or thing is; a sense of self.IELTSignoranceLack of knowledge or information about something.IELTSilliteracyThe inability to read or write.IELTSilluminateto light up; to help make something clear or easier to understandSAT · IELTSillustrateTo explain or make something clear by using examples, charts, or pictures.TOEFL · IELTSimaginationThe faculty of forming new ideas or images not present to the senses.IELTSimaginativeHaving or showing creativity or inventiveness.IELTSimmediateOccurring or done at once; without delay; nearest or most recent.IELTSimmigrationThe action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country.IELTSimmunisationThe process by which a person becomes immune to infection, typically by vaccinat…IELTSimpactA marked effect or influence on someone or somethingTOEFL · IELTSimplementTo put a decision, plan, or agreement into effect.TOEFL · IELTSimplicationA conclusion that can be drawn from something although not explicitly stated; an…GRE · TOEFL · IELTSimplyTo suggest or indicate something without saying it directly.TOEFL · IELTSimportTo bring goods or services into a country from abroad for sale.IELTSimposeTo force something unwelcome to be accepted or put in place.TOEFL · IELTSimpressionAn idea, feeling, or opinion about something or someone; an effect produced on t…IELTSimproveTo make or become better.IELTSinadequateLacking the quality or quantity required; insufficient.IELTSincentiveA thing that motivates or encourages someone to do something.TOEFL · IELTSinclusiveNot excluding any section of society; including everyone.IELTSincomeMoney received, especially on a regular basis, for work or through investments.TOEFL · IELTSincome gapThe difference in earnings between the richest and poorest people in an economy.IELTSinconsistencyThe fact of having parts that do not agree with or match each other.IELTSincreaseA quantitative change in which a value becomes larger; the amount by which a qua…GRE · IELTSindependentFree from outside control; not dependent on another for livelihood.IELTSindicateTo point out or show; to be a sign of something.TOEFL · IELTSindicatorA thing that indicates the state or level of something; a sign or measure.IELTSindigenousOriginating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native.SAT · IELTSindigenous rightsRights of native peoples to maintain and develop their identities, cultures, and…IELTSindividualSingle; separate; a single human being distinct from a group.IELTSindustrialRelating to industry; characterised by highly developed industries.IELTSinequalityA mathematical statement that compares two expressions using symbols such as <, …GRE · IELTSinevitablecertain to happen; unable to be avoided or escapedSAT · TOEFL · IELTSinfant mortalityThe death rate among infants within the first year of life.IELTSinfluenceThe capacity or power to have an effect on someone or something.TOEFL · IELTSinfrastructureThe basic physical and organisational structures needed for the operation of a s…IELTSinherentExisting in something as a permanent, essential, or characteristic attribute.GRE · TOEFL · IELTSinitiativeThe ability to assess and take action independently; a new plan or process.IELTSinnovationA new method, idea, product, or process; the action of innovating.IELTSinsightThe capacity to gain accurate and deep understanding of someone or something.TOEFL · IELTSinspireTo fill with the urge or ability to do something creative; to breathe in.IELTSinsteadAs an alternative or substitute.IELTSinstinctAn innate, typically fixed pattern of behaviour in animals in response to stimul…IELTSinsufficientNot enough; inadequate.IELTSintegrateTo combine or incorporate parts into a whole; to bring into equal membership.TOEFL · IELTSintegrationThe action of combining groups to create an equal society; mixing into a whole.TOEFL · IELTSintendTo have a course of action as one's purpose or objective.IELTSintenseOf extreme force, degree, or strength; having strong feelings.TOEFL · IELTSinteractTo act in such a way as to have an effect on another; to communicate or work tog…IELTSinterestA feeling of wanting to know or learn about something; a quality that makes some…IELTSinternationalisationThe process of developing something so that it is suitable for use in different …IELTSinternetA global computer network providing information and communication facilities.IELTSinternet of thingsThe interconnection of everyday objects to the internet enabling them to send an…IELTSinterplayThe way in which things interact with each other.IELTSinterpretTo explain the meaning of information or an action.TOEFL · IELTSintroduceTo bring something into a system, organisation, or place for the first time.IELTSinvasiveTending to spread very quickly and widely; spreading harmfully.IELTSinvestigateTo carry out a systematic or formal inquiry into; to research.TOEFL · IELTSinvolveTo include as a necessary part or result; to require participation.TOEFL · IELTSirrigationThe supply of water to land or crops to help growth, typically by means of chann…IELTSisolationThe process or fact of being isolated; the state of being in a place or situatio…IELTSissueAn important topic or problem for debate or discussion.TOEFL · IELTS M
magnitudeThe size, extent, or absolute value of a quantity; in mathematics, the length of…GRE · IELTSmaintainTo cause or enable a condition or situation to continue; to assert confidently.TOEFL · IELTSmajorImportant, serious, or significant; greater in number or importance.TOEFL · IELTSmajorityThe greater number or part of something; the number of votes exceeding half the …IELTSmalnutritionLack of proper nutrition, caused by insufficient, excessive, or unbalanced intak…IELTSmammalA warm-blooded vertebrate animal that nurses its young with milk.IELTSmanageTo be in charge of; to succeed in coping with a difficult situation.IELTSmarginaliseTo treat a person, group, or concept as insignificant or peripheral.IELTSmarineRelating to the sea; found in the sea.IELTSmarshAn area of low-lying land that is flooded in wet seasons.IELTSmatterPhysical substance; a subject or situation under consideration; to be important.TOEFL · IELTSmeaningfulHaving a serious, important, or useful quality or purpose.IELTSmeasureA course of action taken to achieve a desired outcome; an indicator of something…IELTSmechanismA system of parts working together; a natural or established process.TOEFL · IELTSmediaThe main means of mass communication; the news and broadcasting.IELTSmedia literacyThe ability to access, analyse, evaluate, and create media in various forms.IELTSmental healthA person's condition with regard to their psychological and emotional wellbeing.IELTSmentalityThe characteristic way of thinking of a person or group.IELTSmentionTo refer to something briefly and without going into detail.TOEFL · IELTSmeteoriteA piece of rock or metal from space that survives its fall to earth.IELTSmethodologyA system of methods used in a particular area of study or activity.TOEFL · IELTSmicrobeA microorganism, especially one which causes disease.IELTSmicrofinanceFinancial services provided to low-income individuals or groups who lack access …IELTSmigrationSeasonal movement of animals from one region to another; movement of people to s…TOEFL · IELTSmigration crisisA situation in which a large number of people are forced to leave their homes.IELTSmindfulConscious or aware of something; focused on one's current experience.IELTSmineralA solid inorganic substance found in the earth with a definite chemical composit…TOEFL · IELTSminimum wageThe lowest wage permitted by law or by a special agreement.IELTSmiracleA surprising and welcome event that seems impossible; an extraordinary developme…IELTSmisinformationFalse or inaccurate information, especially that which is deliberately intended …IELTSmitigateTo make less severe, serious, or painful; to lessen the impact of.GRE · IELTSmodestUnassuming in the estimation of one's abilities; relatively small in size or qua…IELTSmoistureWater or other liquid diffused in a small quantity as vapour or within a solid.IELTSmoleculeA group of atoms bonded together; the smallest fundamental unit of a compound.TOEFL · IELTSmomentumThe impetus gained by a moving object; the increasing strength or force of somet…TOEFL · IELTSmonitorTo observe and check the progress or quality of something over a period of time.TOEFL · IELTSmonocultureThe cultivation of a single crop in a given area; a culture dominated by a singl…IELTSmonsoonA seasonal prevailing wind bringing heavy rain to South Asia and other regions.IELTSmoralConcerned with the principles of right and wrong behaviour; virtuous.IELTSmoreoverAs a further matter; besides; in addition.IELTSmortalityThe state of being subject to death; the number of deaths in a given time or pla…IELTSmotivateTo provide someone with a reason for doing something; to inspire action.TOEFL · IELTSmotivationA reason for acting in a particular way; the general desire to do something.TOEFL · IELTSmulticulturalRelating to or containing several cultural or ethnic groups within a society.IELTS N
nanotechnologyThe branch of technology that deals with dimensions in the nanometre range.IELTSnarrativeA spoken or written account of connected events; a story.TOEFL · IELTSnativeAssociated with the place or circumstances of birth; original to a region.IELTSnatural disasterA sudden event caused by natural forces that causes great damage or loss of life…IELTSnavigateTo plan and direct the route of a ship, aircraft, or other form of transport; to…TOEFL · IELTSnecessityThe state of being required or indispensable; an indispensable thing.IELTSnegativeA number less than zero, represented with a minus sign; on a number line, negati…GRE · IELTSneighbourA person living near or next door to the speaker or person referred to.IELTSnet zeroA state in which greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere are balanced by re…IELTSnetworkA group or system of interconnected people or things.IELTSneuroscienceThe branch of science dealing with the structure and function of the nervous sys…IELTSneverthelessIn spite of that; notwithstanding; all the same.IELTSnitrogenA colourless, odourless gas comprising about 78% of the earth's atmosphere.IELTSnocturnalDone, occurring, or active at night.TOEFL · IELTSnoise pollutionHarmful or annoying levels of noise in an environment.IELTSnomadicLiving the life of a nomad; wandering from place to place.IELTSnon-governmental organisationA non-profit organisation that operates independently of any government.IELTSnormSomething that is usual, typical, or standard; an expected standard of behaviour…TOEFL · IELTSnotableWorthy of attention or notice; remarkable.IELTSnotionA conception or belief; a vague or imperfect understanding.TOEFL · IELTSnowadaysAt the present time, as contrasted with the past.IELTSnuanceA subtle difference in or shade of meaning, expression, or sound.SAT · TOEFL · IELTSnuclear energyEnergy produced by nuclear reactions, used in power generation.IELTSnutrientA substance that provides nourishment essential for growth and the maintenance o…TOEFL · IELTS O
obesityThe condition of being grossly overweight or overfat; a chronic health problem.IELTSobjectiveNot influenced by personal feelings; based on observable facts.SAT · TOEFL · IELTSobligationAn act or course of action to which a person is morally or legally bound; a duty…IELTSobservationThe action or process of closely monitoring or examining something.IELTSobsoleteNo longer produced or used; out of date.SAT · IELTSobtainTo get or acquire something by effort.TOEFL · IELTSobviouslyIn a way that is easily perceived or understood; clearly.IELTSoccurTo happen; to come to pass.TOEFL · IELTSoffspringA person's child or children; the young of an animal.TOEFL · IELTSongoingContinuing; still in progress.IELTSopinionA view or judgement formed about something, not necessarily based on fact.TOEFL · IELTSopportunityA set of circumstances that makes it possible to do something.IELTSoppositionResistance or conflict; the action of opposing.IELTSopticalRelating to sight, especially in terms of the action of light.IELTSorbitThe curved path of a celestial object around a star, planet, or moon.TOEFL · IELTSorganic farmingFarming without the use of synthetic pesticides, fertilisers, or genetic modific…IELTSorganismAn individual animal, plant, or single-celled life form.TOEFL · IELTSoriginThe fixed point (0, 0) in a coordinate system where the x-axis and y-axis inters…GRE · IELTSoutlineTo give a summary of the main facts or points of something.TOEFL · IELTSoutsourcingObtaining goods or services from an outside or foreign supplier.IELTSoverallTaking everything into account; general; with respect to the whole.TOEFL · IELTSovercomeTo succeed in dealing with a problem or difficulty.IELTSoverconsumptionThe purchase and use of resources beyond what is needed or sustainable.IELTSoverfishingDepleting fish stocks by fishing too intensively.IELTSoverpopulationThe condition of having a population so dense as to cause environmental deterior…IELTSoverwhelmedCompletely overcome by an emotion, a task, or a situation.IELTSoxygenA chemical element forming about 21% of the earth's atmosphere, essential for li…TOEFL · IELTSozone layerA layer of ozone in the stratosphere that absorbs most of the sun's ultraviolet …IELTS P
pandemicA disease prevalent throughout an entire country, continent, or the whole world.TOEFL · IELTSparallelOccurring at the same time and having similar propertiesTOEFL · IELTSparameterA limit or boundary which defines the scope of a process or activity.TOEFL · IELTSparaphraseTo express the meaning of something using different words, typically to simplify…TOEFL · IELTSparasiteAn organism that lives in or on a host organism and benefits at the host's expen…SAT · TOEFL · IELTSparticleA minute portion of matter; a small piece or amount of something.IELTSparticularUsed to single out an individual member of a specified group or class.IELTSpassionAn intense desire or enthusiasm for something.IELTSpatienceThe capacity to accept or tolerate delay, trouble, or suffering without becoming…IELTSpatternA regular and intelligible form or sequence discernible in data.TOEFL · IELTSpeaceFreedom from disturbance; tranquillity; a state of harmony.IELTSpeakThe highest point or greatest degree of something.IELTSpeninsulaA piece of land almost surrounded by water or projecting out into a body of wate…IELTSpensionA regular payment made to a retired person from an investment fund.IELTSpension crisisA situation in which a pension system is unable to meet its future obligations.IELTSperceptionThe way in which something is regarded, understood, or interpreted.TOEFL · IELTSperiodicallyOccurring or appearing at intervals; regularly.IELTSpermafrostA thick subsurface layer of soil that remains frozen throughout the year.IELTSpermafrost thawThe melting of permanently frozen ground in cold regions.IELTSpersistentContinuing firmly or obstinately; refusing to give up.IELTSpersonallyIn person; as regards oneself as an individual.IELTSperspectiveA particular way of regarding something; a point of viewTOEFL · IELTSpersuadeTo cause someone to do something through reasoning or argument.TOEFL · IELTSphenomenonA fact or situation that is observed to exist or happen, especially one whose ca…TOEFL · IELTSphilanthropyThe desire to promote the welfare of others; charitable giving.GRE · IELTSphotosynthesisThe process by which plants use sunlight, water, and CO2 to produce food.TOEFL · IELTSplanktonTiny organisms drifting in the sea that form the base of marine food chains.IELTSplastic pollutionThe accumulation of plastic objects in the Earth's environment.IELTSplateauAn area of relatively level high ground; a state of little or no change after pr…IELTSplausibleSeeming reasonable or probable; appearing valid or acceptable.SAT · IELTSpolarRelating to the North or South Pole; of opposite extremes.IELTSpolicyA course or principle of action adopted by a government, organisation, or indivi…IELTSpolitical stabilityA state of governance in which the government is able to function effectively wi…IELTSpollinateTo transfer pollen to a plant so that it can fertilise and reproduce.IELTSpollutionThe presence of harmful substances in the environment.IELTSpopulation ageingA shift in the distribution of a country's population towards older ages.IELTSpopulation densityThe number of people living per unit of area, usually per square kilometre.IELTSpositiveA number greater than zero; in mathematics, belonging to the set of values on th…GRE · IELTSpotentialHaving the capacity to develop into something in the future; latent ability.TOEFL · IELTSpovertyThe state of being extremely poor; the state of being inferior in quality or ins…IELTSpoverty trapA self-reinforcing mechanism which causes poverty to persist.IELTSpracticalRelating to actual practice or use rather than ideas; sensible and realistic.IELTSpredatorAn animal that naturally preys on others; a person or organisation that exploits…TOEFL · IELTSpredatorySeeking to exploit others; relating to an animal that naturally preys on others.IELTSpredominantPresent or exerting control as the strongest or main elementTOEFL · IELTSpreferenceA greater liking for one alternative over another; a choice.IELTSprehistoryThe period before written records; the events of this period.IELTSpremiseA previous statement or proposition from which another is inferred or follows.TOEFL · IELTSpressureThe use of persuasion, influence, or intimidation to make someone do something; …TOEFL · IELTSprevalentWidespread in a particular area or at a particular time.IELTSpreventableAble to be stopped from occurring or developing.IELTSpreyAn animal hunted and killed by another for food; a victim.TOEFL · IELTSprimarilyFor the most part; mainly; in the first place.IELTSprimitiveRelating to an early stage of development; not sophisticated.IELTSprimordialExisting at or from the beginning of time; ancient and fundamental.IELTSprincipleA fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for reasoning.TOEFL · IELTSprioritySomething regarded as more important than other things; precedence in order.IELTSprivacyThe state or condition of being free from observation or disturbance; freedom fr…IELTSprivilegeA special right, advantage, or immunity granted to a particular person or group.IELTSproactiveCreating or controlling a situation by taking the initiative rather than respond…IELTSprocessA series of actions or steps taken in order to achieve a particular end.TOEFL · IELTSprofoundvery great or intense; showing deep understanding; far-reachingGRE · SAT · IELTSprogressForward or onward movement toward a destination or goal; development.IELTSpropagandaInformation, especially biased or misleading, used to promote a cause or politic…IELTSpropagateTo breed or spread by natural processes; to promote an idea widely.IELTSproportionAn equation stating that two ratios are equal; a relationship between quantities…GRE · TOEFL · IELTSproposeTo put forward an idea or plan for consideration or discussion.TOEFL · IELTSproteinA class of nitrogenous organic compounds essential to living organisms.TOEFL · IELTSproveTo demonstrate the truth or existence of something by evidence or argument.IELTSprovideTo make available for use; to supply.IELTSpublic healthThe branch of medicine concerned with protecting the health of a whole community…IELTSpublic policyThe principles and regulations established by government to address matters of p…IELTSpublic transportBuses, trains, and other forms of transport that are available to the public and…IELTSpurposefulHaving or showing determination or resolve; having a clear aim.IELTS R
radioactiveEmitting or relating to the emission of radiation from the nucleus of an atom.TOEFL · IELTSrangeThe difference between the largest and smallest values in a data set; also, the …GRE · TOEFL · IELTSrateA measure of one quantity expressed in relation to another; the speed of change.IELTSrealiseTo become fully aware of something; to bring something desired into reality.IELTSreasonA cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event.IELTSreasonableHaving sound judgement; fair and sensible.IELTSrecogniseTo acknowledge the existence, validity, or legality of something.IELTSrecycleTo convert waste into reusable material.TOEFL · IELTSrecycling schemeAn organised programme for collecting and reprocessing used materials.IELTSreflectTo think deeply or carefully about something; to be a sign or consequence of.TOEFL · IELTSreforestationThe restocking of existing forests and woodlands that have been depleted.IELTSreformTo make changes in order to improve something; a change made for improvement.TOEFL · IELTSrefugeeA person who has been forced to leave their country to escape war, persecution, …IELTSrefuteTo prove a statement or theory to be wrong or false; to deny or contradict.TOEFL · IELTSregardlessWithout paying attention to the present situation; despite the prevailing circum…IELTSregenerateTo bring new and more vigorous life to an area or institution; to grow again.IELTSregenerative agricultureFarming practices that restore soil health, increase biodiversity, and capture c…IELTSregulateTo control or maintain the rate or speed of a machine; to control by law or rule…IELTSreinforceTo strengthen or support, especially with additional material or people.TOEFL · IELTSrelationshipThe way in which two or more concepts, objects, or people are connected.TOEFL · IELTSrelevantClosely connected or appropriate to what is being done or considered.TOEFL · IELTSrelianceDependence on or trust in someone or something.IELTSremarkableWorthy of attention; striking or extraordinary.IELTSremoteSituated far from the main centres of population; unlikely; having no connection…IELTSrenewableAble to be replenished naturally and therefore sustainable over the long term.TOEFL · IELTSrenewable resourcesNatural resources that are replenished naturally over time.IELTSreproduceTo produce again; to produce offspring by a natural process of generation.IELTSrequireTo need or depend on something for a purpose; to make something necessary.TOEFL · IELTSresearchThe systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources.TOEFL · IELTSresilienceThe capacity to recover quickly from difficulties; the ability of a substance to…IELTSresilient communityA community that can withstand and recover from natural or human-made disasters.IELTSresolveTo settle or find a solution to a problem or dispute.IELTSresourcefulAble to find quick and clever ways to overcome difficulties.IELTSresponseA verbal or written answer; a reaction to a stimulus.IELTSresponsibilityThe state of having a duty to deal with something or of having control over some…IELTSrestrictTo put a limit on; to keep under control.TOEFL · IELTSretainTo continue to have or to keep possession of something.TOEFL · IELTSrevealTo make previously unknown or secret information known.TOEFL · IELTSrevolutionA forcible overthrow of a government; a dramatic or wide-reaching change.IELTSrewardingProviding satisfaction; worthwhile.IELTSrigidUnable to be changed; strict; not flexible.IELTSritualA series of actions performed according to a prescribed order; a religious cerem…IELTSrobotA machine capable of carrying out tasks automatically, often resembling a human …IELTSroleThe function assumed by or assigned to a person or thing in a particular situati…IELTSroutineA sequence of actions regularly followed; a fixed, unvarying way of doing things…IELTSruralIn, relating to, or characteristic of the countryside rather than the town.IELTSrural-urban migrationThe movement of people from rural areas to cities in search of better opportunit…IELTS S
sacrificeAn act of giving up something valued for the sake of something else.IELTSsanitationConditions relating to public health, especially the provision of clean water an…IELTSsatisfyTo meet the expectations, needs, or desires of someone.IELTSscenarioA postulated sequence or development of events; a situation.IELTSscholarshipA grant made to support a student's education; academic study or achievement.IELTSscopeThe extent of the area or subject matter that something deals with.TOEFL · IELTSsea level riseThe increase in sea levels due to the melting of polar ice and thermal expansion…IELTSsectorA region of a circle enclosed by two radii and the arc between them.GRE · IELTSsedentaryTending to spend much time seated; involving little physical activity.IELTSsedimentMatter that settles to the bottom of a liquid; material deposited by water or wi…TOEFL · IELTSseismicOf enormous proportions or effect; relating to a sudden and dramatic upheaval.GRE · TOEFL · IELTSsequenceAn ordered list of numbers following a specific pattern or rule, where each elem…GRE · TOEFL · IELTSseriousDemanding or characterised by careful consideration; grave or significant.IELTSsettlementA place where people establish a community; the action of settling in a place.IELTSshiftA slight change in position, direction, or tendency.IELTSsignificantSufficiently great or important to be worthy of attention; noteworthy.TOEFL · IELTSsignificantlyIn a sufficiently great or important manner; notably.IELTSsimplifyTo reduce a mathematical expression to its most basic or compact form without ch…GRE · TOEFL · IELTSskilledHaving or showing the knowledge, ability, or training to perform a certain activ…IELTSslumA squalid and overcrowded urban district inhabited by very poor people.IELTSsmart cityAn urban area that uses technology to enhance performance, wellbeing, and sustai…IELTSsociableWilling to talk and engage in activities with other people; friendly.IELTSsocial capitalThe networks of relationships among people in a society that enable it to functi…IELTSsocial entrepreneurA person who builds businesses or organisations that aim to address social probl…IELTSsocial inequalityUnequal distribution of resources, opportunities, and rewards among different gr…IELTSsocial mediaWebsites and applications that enable users to create and share content and netw…IELTSsocial mobilityThe movement of individuals or groups within a social hierarchy.IELTSsoil degradationThe physical, chemical, and biological deterioration of soil quality.IELTSsolarRelating to or determined by the sun.IELTSsolar energyRadiant energy emitted by the sun and converted into electricity.IELTSsolar panelA panel designed to absorb the sun's rays as a source of energy for generating e…IELTSsolubleAble to be dissolved, especially in water.IELTSsolutionA value or set of values that satisfies a given equation or system of equations.GRE · TOEFL · IELTSsourceA place, person, or thing from which something originates or is obtained.TOEFL · IELTSspeciesA group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of interbr…TOEFL · IELTSspecies diversityThe number of different species represented in a given habitat or region.IELTSspecies extinctionThe permanent elimination of a species from the natural world.IELTSspecificClearly defined or identified; precise and exact.TOEFL · IELTSspeculateTo form a theory or conjecture about a subject without firm evidence.TOEFL · IELTSspontaneousPerformed or occurring as a result of a sudden impulse, without premeditation or…GRE · TOEFL · IELTSstableNot likely to change or fail; firmly established.IELTSstateA nation or territory considered as an organised political community; to express…IELTSstatusThe relative social, professional, or other standing of someone or something.IELTSstimulusA thing or event that evokes a specific functional reaction; something that caus…TOEFL · IELTSstrategyA plan of action designed to achieve a long-term goal.TOEFL · IELTSstressfulCausing mental or emotional stress.IELTSstructureThe arrangement of and relations between the parts of something complex.TOEFL · IELTSstruggleTo make forceful or violent efforts to get free; to have difficulty with somethi…IELTSsubsequentComing after or following in time or order.TOEFL · IELTSsubsidyA sum of money granted by the state or a public body to assist an industry or se…IELTSsubsistence farmingFarming that provides only enough food for the farmer and their family.IELTSsubstantialOf considerable importance, size, or worth.IELTSsubtropicalRelating to regions adjacent to the tropics; having a hot, humid climate.IELTSsuburbAn outlying district of a city, especially a residential one.IELTSsufficientEnough; adequate for the purpose.TOEFL · IELTSsuggestTo put forward for consideration; to make evident indirectly.IELTSsummariseTo give a brief statement of the main points of something.IELTSsupply chainA network of organisations involved in producing and delivering a product to con…IELTSsupportTo give assistance to; to corroborate or back up.TOEFL · IELTSsurveillanceClose observation, especially of a suspected person; monitoring by camera or tec…IELTSsustainabilityThe ability to be maintained at a certain rate or level without depleting resour…IELTSsustainableAble to be maintained at a certain rate or level without exhausting natural reso…TOEFL · IELTSsymbioticInvolving or characterised by a mutually beneficial relationship.IELTSsynthesisThe combination of elements to form a connected whole.IELTS W
water managementThe activity of planning, developing, distributing, and managing water resources…IELTSwater scarcityThe lack of sufficient available water resources to meet water needs.IELTSwatershedAn area of land that drains into a river; a turning point in a state of affairs.IELTSwealth gapThe unequal distribution of assets among residents of a country or between natio…IELTSwelfareThe health, happiness, and fortunes of a person or group; financial assistance t…IELTSwellbeingThe state of being comfortable, healthy, or happy.IELTSwhereasIn contrast or comparison with the fact that; while on the contrary.IELTSwidelyTo a large extent or degree; by many people.IELTSwidespreadFound or distributed over a large area or number of people.TOEFL · IELTSwind turbineA machine that converts wind energy into electrical energy.IELTSwisdomThe quality of having experience, knowledge, and good judgement.IELTSwonderA feeling of surprise mingled with admiration; to feel admiration and amazement.IELTSwoodlandLand covered with trees; a wood or forest.IELTSworkforceThe people engaged in or available for work, either in a country or in a particu…IELTSworryingCausing anxiety or concern.IELTSworthwhileWorth the time, money, or effort spent; of value or importance.IELTS